Albert Einstein
In the seventeenth century, simplicity and elegance with which Isaac Newton had failed to explain the laws governing the movement of bodies and of the stars, unifying terrestrial physics and celestial, he dazzled so much to his contemporaries who came to be considered mechanical completed. In the late nineteenth century, however, it was already undeniable relevance of some phenomena that classical physics could not explain. Albert Einstein corresponded to overcome these shortcomings by creating a new paradigm: the theory of relativity, the starting point of modern physics.
Albert Einstein in 1947
While common sense entirely from the explanatory model, relativity is among those advances in the early twentieth century, they would lead to divorce between ordinary people and an increasingly specialized and unintelligible science. However, in life and physical or posthumously, even the most surprising and incomprehensible aspects of relativity would end up being confirmed. No wonder, then, that Albert Einstein is one of the most famous and admired history of science characters: know that they are certain many barely conceivable ideas (eg, that the mass of a body increases with speed) leaves choice but to surrender to his genius.
A bad student
Albert Einstein was born in the Bavarian city of Ulm on March 14, 1879. He was the eldest son of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch, both Jews whose families came from Swabia. The following year they moved to Munich, where his father was established, along with his brother Jakob, as a trader in electrotechnical innovations of the time.
Little Albert was a quiet, self-absorbed child, and had a slow intellectual development. Einstein himself attributed to the slowness the fact that he was the only person to prepare a theory like relativity "a normal adult is not concerned about the problems posed by space and time, believing that everything to know about it already knows from early childhood. I, on the other hand, have had such a slow development that have not begun to wonder questions about space and time until I been greater. "
In 1894, the economic difficulties caused the family (increased since 1881 with the birth of a daughter, Maya) moved to Milan; Einstein remained in Munich to finish high school, meeting with parents the following year. In the fall of 1896 he began his studies at the Technische Hochschule Zurich Eidgenossische, where he was a pupil of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who later generalized the four-dimensional formalism introduced by the theories of his former student.
While common sense entirely from the explanatory model, relativity is among those advances in the early twentieth century, they would lead to divorce between ordinary people and an increasingly specialized and unintelligible science. However, in life and physical or posthumously, even the most surprising and incomprehensible aspects of relativity would end up being confirmed. No wonder, then, that Albert Einstein is one of the most famous and admired history of science characters: know that they are certain many barely conceivable ideas (eg, that the mass of a body increases with speed) leaves choice but to surrender to his genius.
A bad student
Albert Einstein was born in the Bavarian city of Ulm on March 14, 1879. He was the eldest son of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch, both Jews whose families came from Swabia. The following year they moved to Munich, where his father was established, along with his brother Jakob, as a trader in electrotechnical innovations of the time.
Little Albert was a quiet, self-absorbed child, and had a slow intellectual development. Einstein himself attributed to the slowness the fact that he was the only person to prepare a theory like relativity "a normal adult is not concerned about the problems posed by space and time, believing that everything to know about it already knows from early childhood. I, on the other hand, have had such a slow development that have not begun to wonder questions about space and time until I been greater. "
In 1894, the economic difficulties caused the family (increased since 1881 with the birth of a daughter, Maya) moved to Milan; Einstein remained in Munich to finish high school, meeting with parents the following year. In the fall of 1896 he began his studies at the Technische Hochschule Zurich Eidgenossische, where he was a pupil of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who later generalized the four-dimensional formalism introduced by the theories of his former student.
Elsa Einstein with his second wife
On June 23, 1902, Albert Einstein began to serve in the Confederal Bureau of Intellectual Property in Bern, where he worked until 1909. In 1903 he married Mileva Maric, a former fellow student in Zurich, with whom he had two children Hans Albert and Eduard, born respectively in 1904 and 1910. in 1919 they divorced and married again Einstein with his cousin Elsa.
relativity
In 1905, he published five papers in Annalen der Physik, the first of them earned his doctorate from the University of Zurich, and the remaining four would eventually impose a radical change in the image that science offers the universe. Of these four, the first provided a theoretical explanation, in statistical terms, Brownian motion, and the second was an interpretation of the photoelectric effect based on the assumption that light is composed of individual quanta, later called photons. The remaining two papers laid the foundations of the restricted theory of relativity, establishing equivalence between energy E of a certain amount of matter and its mass m in terms of the famous equation E = mc², where c is the speed of light , assumed constant.
Einstein effort immediately placed him among the most eminent of European physicists, but the public recognition of the true extent of his theories was slow in coming; the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he received in 1921, was granted exclusively "for his work on Brownian motion and its interpretation of the photoelectric effect." In 1909 he began his career as a university lecturer in Zurich, moving to Prague and returning back to Zurich in 1912 to become a professor of the Polytechnic, where he had done his studies.
On June 23, 1902, Albert Einstein began to serve in the Confederal Bureau of Intellectual Property in Bern, where he worked until 1909. In 1903 he married Mileva Maric, a former fellow student in Zurich, with whom he had two children Hans Albert and Eduard, born respectively in 1904 and 1910. in 1919 they divorced and married again Einstein with his cousin Elsa.
relativity
In 1905, he published five papers in Annalen der Physik, the first of them earned his doctorate from the University of Zurich, and the remaining four would eventually impose a radical change in the image that science offers the universe. Of these four, the first provided a theoretical explanation, in statistical terms, Brownian motion, and the second was an interpretation of the photoelectric effect based on the assumption that light is composed of individual quanta, later called photons. The remaining two papers laid the foundations of the restricted theory of relativity, establishing equivalence between energy E of a certain amount of matter and its mass m in terms of the famous equation E = mc², where c is the speed of light , assumed constant.
Einstein effort immediately placed him among the most eminent of European physicists, but the public recognition of the true extent of his theories was slow in coming; the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he received in 1921, was granted exclusively "for his work on Brownian motion and its interpretation of the photoelectric effect." In 1909 he began his career as a university lecturer in Zurich, moving to Prague and returning back to Zurich in 1912 to become a professor of the Polytechnic, where he had done his studies.
Einstein playing the violin, one of his favorite hobbies (c. 1930)
In 1914 he went to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. The outbreak of the First World War forced him to leave his family (then vacation in Switzerland), which no longer meet him again. Against the general feeling of the Berlin academic community, Einstein said then openly anti-war, their attitudes influenced by the pacifist doctrines of Romain Rolland.
On the scientific level, its activity focused, between 1914 and 1916, in the improvement of the general theory of relativity, based on the assumption that gravity is not a force but a field created by the presence of a mass in the space-time continuum. Confirmation of its forecasts came in 1919, when photographed the solar eclipse of May 29; The Times introduced him as the new Newton and his international fame grew, forcing him to multiply their outreach conferences worldwide and popularizing the image of the third class traveler railroad, with a violin case under his arm.
Toward a unifying theory
Over the next decade, Einstein focused his efforts on finding a mathematical relationship between electromagnetism and the gravitational attraction, determined to move towards that, for him, should be the ultimate goal of physics: discover the common laws that supposedly had govern the behavior of all objects in the universe, from subatomic particles to the stellar bodies, and group them into a single theory "unified field". Such research, which occupied the rest of his life, proved fruitless and finally was destined to bring estrangement from the rest of the scientific community. From 1933, with Hitler's accession to power, his loneliness was compounded by the need to renounce German citizenship and move to the United States; Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton (New Jersey), city where he died on April 18, 1955.
Einstein once said that politics had a temporary value, while a value equation for eternity. In the last years of his life, bitterness not find the formula to reveal the secret of world unity was accentuated by the need he felt to dramatically intervene in the political sphere. In 1939, at the request of physicists Leo Szilard and Wigner Paul, and convinced of the possibility that the Germans were able to manufacture an atomic bomb, he addressed to President Roosevelt urging him to undertake a program of research on atomic energy.
In 1914 he went to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. The outbreak of the First World War forced him to leave his family (then vacation in Switzerland), which no longer meet him again. Against the general feeling of the Berlin academic community, Einstein said then openly anti-war, their attitudes influenced by the pacifist doctrines of Romain Rolland.
On the scientific level, its activity focused, between 1914 and 1916, in the improvement of the general theory of relativity, based on the assumption that gravity is not a force but a field created by the presence of a mass in the space-time continuum. Confirmation of its forecasts came in 1919, when photographed the solar eclipse of May 29; The Times introduced him as the new Newton and his international fame grew, forcing him to multiply their outreach conferences worldwide and popularizing the image of the third class traveler railroad, with a violin case under his arm.
Toward a unifying theory
Over the next decade, Einstein focused his efforts on finding a mathematical relationship between electromagnetism and the gravitational attraction, determined to move towards that, for him, should be the ultimate goal of physics: discover the common laws that supposedly had govern the behavior of all objects in the universe, from subatomic particles to the stellar bodies, and group them into a single theory "unified field". Such research, which occupied the rest of his life, proved fruitless and finally was destined to bring estrangement from the rest of the scientific community. From 1933, with Hitler's accession to power, his loneliness was compounded by the need to renounce German citizenship and move to the United States; Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton (New Jersey), city where he died on April 18, 1955.
Einstein once said that politics had a temporary value, while a value equation for eternity. In the last years of his life, bitterness not find the formula to reveal the secret of world unity was accentuated by the need he felt to dramatically intervene in the political sphere. In 1939, at the request of physicists Leo Szilard and Wigner Paul, and convinced of the possibility that the Germans were able to manufacture an atomic bomb, he addressed to President Roosevelt urging him to undertake a program of research on atomic energy.
After
the explosions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Einstein joined scientists
seeking ways to prevent future use of the pump and proposed the
formation of a world government from the embryo formed by the United
Nations. But
his proposals towards humanity avoid threats of individual and
collective destruction, made on behalf of a unique amalgam of science,
religion and socialism, received political comparable rejection of
respectful criticism raised among scientists successive versions of the idea of a unified field.
Albert Einstein remains a mythical figure of our time; more, even, of what came to be in life, if you take into account that this photograph of him in displaying an unusual gesture of mockery (sticking out his tongue in a comic and irreverent expression) has been raised to the dignity of icon home after being converted into as common as those of the idols of the song and the stars of Hollywood poster. However, they are not his scientific genius and his human size that best explain it as myth, but perhaps the accumulation of paradoxes contained in his own biography, accented with historical perspective. The champion of pacifism Einstein is remembered even as the "father of the bomb"; and still show current principle that "everything is relative" precisely him, who fought fiercely against the possibility of knowing reality is attributed meant to play with her grubs.
Albert Einstein remains a mythical figure of our time; more, even, of what came to be in life, if you take into account that this photograph of him in displaying an unusual gesture of mockery (sticking out his tongue in a comic and irreverent expression) has been raised to the dignity of icon home after being converted into as common as those of the idols of the song and the stars of Hollywood poster. However, they are not his scientific genius and his human size that best explain it as myth, but perhaps the accumulation of paradoxes contained in his own biography, accented with historical perspective. The champion of pacifism Einstein is remembered even as the "father of the bomb"; and still show current principle that "everything is relative" precisely him, who fought fiercely against the possibility of knowing reality is attributed meant to play with her grubs.
FAMOUS INVENTORS
0 comentarios: